An implementation of the layers for a particular application forms a protocol stack. This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers, which classify all related protocols according to each protocol's scope of networking.
The Internet protocol suite provides end-to-end data communication specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received. Early versions of this networking model were known as the Department of Defense ( DoD) model because the research and development were funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA. The foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is a framework for organizing the set of communication protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks according to functional criteria.
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